:

DE sign:
(Deconstructing in-order to find new meanings)

A blogging space about my personal interests; was made during training in Stockholm #Young Leaders Visitors Program #Ylvp08 it developed into a social bookmarking blog.

I studied #Architecture; interested in #Design #Art #Education #Urban Design #Digital-media #social-media #Inhabited-Environments #Contemporary-Cultures #experimentation #networking #sustainability & more =)


Please Enjoy, feedback recommended.

p.s. sharing is usually out of interest not Blind praise.
This is neither sacred nor political.

Showing posts with label #culture. Show all posts
Showing posts with label #culture. Show all posts

Friday, May 21

Cultural Diversity Day 2021

Happy Cultural Diversity Day 2021


Why does cultural diversity matter?

Three-quarters of the world’s major conflicts have a cultural dimension. Bridging the gap between cultures is urgent and necessary for peace, stability and development.

Cultural diversity is a driving force of development, not only with respect to economic growth, but also as a means of leading a more fulfilling intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual life. This is captured in the culture conventions, which provide a solid basis for the promotion of cultural diversity. Cultural diversity is thus an asset that is indispensable for poverty reduction and the achievement of sustainable development.

At the same time, acceptance and recognition of cultural diversity – in particular through innovative use of media and Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) – are conducive to dialogue among civilizations and cultures, respect and mutual understanding.

Origin and purpose

In 2001, UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity. and in In December 2002, the UN General Assembly, in its resolution 57/249, declared May 21 to be the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, and in 2015, the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly unanimously adopted the resolution on Culture and Sustainable Development A/C.2/70/L.59, affirming culture’s contribution to the three dimensions of sustainable development, acknowledging further the natural and cultural diversity of the world, and recognizing that cultures and civilizations can contribute to, and are crucial enablers of, sustainable development.

The day provides us with an opportunity to deepen our understanding of the values of cultural diversity and to advance the four goals of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions adopted on 20 October 2005:

  • Support sustainable systems of governance for culture
  • Achieve a balanced flow of cultural goods and services and increase mobility of artists and cultural professionals
  • Integrate culture in sustainable development frameworks
  • Promote human rights and fundamental freedoms

https://www.un.org/en/observances/cultural-diversity-day


ICDAY's Virtual Event : World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development


Why cultural diversity matters | Michael Gavin | TEDxCSU



"This talk was given at a local TEDx event, produced independently of the TED Conferences. Michael Gavin, associate Professor of human dimensions of natural resources researches biological diversity, and discusses the importance that history, language and tradition have in the preservation of culture."


Cultural Diversity: The Sum of Our Parts | Hilda Mwangi | TEDxUCSD

"In this talk, Hilda Mwangi discussed cultural diversity as it relates to our ever-changing world. She shares her life story, and how her experiences forge her identity as a sum of her parts."


How Culture Drives Behaviours | Julien S. Bourrelle | TEDxTrondheim



Julien argues how we see the World through cultural glasses. By changing the glasses you can change the way you interpret the World.

Wednesday, July 10

The Choice Point Movement



 


Everyone needs a touch of inspiration sometimes. It was very motivating to be involved in theChoice Point Movie, a film aiming to encourage people to take on seemingly insurmountable challenges and rise above them. 

In the film you can learn about the choice points that had a huge impact upon the lives of everyone from Archbishop Desmond Tutu to young people at the start of their personal journeys. Yours truly also makes an appearance to discuss the work of Virgin Unite, The Elders, Carbon War Room and how we can use our entrepreneurial skills to tackle some of the world’s toughest challenges.

The Choice Point Movement has three key pillars for having a positive impact upon people’s lives: understand your world, align your purpose and be the change. It is all about taking action to alter your own life, which can spark a collective ripple of change on a much wider scale. 

What will your choice point be?
By . Founder of Virgin Group
http://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/join-the-choice-point-movement

Thursday, June 13

Tällberg Forum 2013

Tällberg Forum 2013

 See all sessions from the Tällberg Forum here:
  • 13 June, 14.00-14.30 (CEST): Press conference
  • 13 June, 16.00-18.30 (CEST): Session I (Opening)
  • 14 June, 08.30-10.00 (CEST): Session II
  • 14 June, 14.00-15.30 (CEST): Session III
  • 15 June, 08.30-10.00 (CEST): Session IV
  • 15 June, 16.30-18.30 (CEST): Session V (Final Session)
http://www.tallbergfoundation.org/ACTIVITIES/T%C3%A4llbergForum2013/webbstreaming/tabid/1316/Default.aspx

http://www.tallbergfoundation.org/Portals/0/Documents/TF13/Companion_Overview%20program.pdf 
http://www.tallbergfoundation.org/Portals/0/Documents/TF13/Companion_Day-by-day%20program.pdf


At the heart of the Foundation’s activities lies the annual Tällberg Forum. 

The Forum integrates nature and the arts, where people feel free to step outside of their professional identity, to share doubts and new ideas, and search for ways forward outside of established frameworks.

The annual gatherings organized for over two decades by the Tällberg Foundation have evolved into an innovative global Forum characterized by an atmosphere of openness, honesty, warmth and creativity. Every year, leaders from all over the world and from various sectors of society gather to talk about and reflect upon the challenges and opportunities that stem from global interdependence.

The Tällberg Forum acts to stimulate the conversation on, and design solutions to the problems of our times in order to foster new thinking and solutions. People from business and finance meet people from politics, science, international organizations and civil society on equal terms, and not as stakeholders. They come to talk, listen, reflect, question their assumptions, and gain the new insights that give them new responsibilities. For many, the Tällberg Forum is viewed as a natural extension of a highly respected Swedish tradition of internationalism, progress, intellectual curiosity, mediation and sustainability.

The film is an overview of the Tällberg Forum 2007, published by Tyler Brule at Monocle.com. Monocle is a monthly magazine with original coverage in global affairs, business, culture and design along with a web-based broadcast component with news reports and mini-documentaries.


http://www.tallbergfoundation.org/ABOUTUS/AbouttheT%C3%A4llbergForum/tabid/1267/Default.aspx 


"How on earth can we live together?" is the over-arching theme of the Tällberg Forum

The Tällberg Forum gives leaders – and their families – from all over the world and from all sectors of society to convene for a few days in a beautiful environment to reflect and converse on the over-arching theme: “How on earth can we live together?” 

The Forum is characterized by humanism, systems thinking and principled pragmatism. The Tällberg Forum makes no declarations and issues no recommendations. Its impact lies in the many initiatives and ideas that the participants bring back home and integrate in their actions in their own environment.

It is the combination of place, people and process that makes the Tällberg Forum unique. The informality and beauty of the place has a decisive influence. The environment, in which people can freely, unpretentiously and creatively converse, conveys harmony and aesthetics.

The people are chosen to provide diversity of men and women, of old and young, and a true mix of nationalities from all continents: Politicians, global corporate leaders, thought leaders, artists, clerics, civic leaders and NGO leaders. Many participants bring their families and this strongly influences the atmosphere.
The process and program allow for each participant to combine sessions, talks and discussions with excursions, walks in the woods or spending time with their family. The conference program is a blend of plenary sessions, workshops and conversations that carry on in smaller settings where participants can explore in more depth subjects of their choice. Cultural performances and nature walks are an integral part of the program, as they help open minds and stimulate ideas.
We live in a world of transition, where the need for new ideas and strategies to deal with our common challenges is greater than ever. The Tällberg Forum is a contribution in this direction.

http://www.tallbergfoundation.org/Default.aspx?tabid=165
  

Sunday, June 2

open source knowledge sharing with UNStudio

UNStudio launches open source knowledge sharing - Unique knowledge developed
through building practice is the new core value of architecture.

In June this year UNStudio will launch the new organisation of its practice as an open-source knowledge-based practice operating projects around four specialised Knowledge Platforms.
As part of the reorganisation of the studio a new interactive online knowledge platform will be launched, aimed at facilitating the open exchange of knowledge, with the ultimate goal of introducing and encouraging the expansion from a collaborative to a co-creative working model for architecture.
Whilst the architect will continue to design his or her own projects, the practice of architecture needs to adjust, to gather, edit and apply co-creative intelligence in order to create responsive architecture that is more integral, more holistic, more responsible and more intelligent.
Ben van Berkel:
From the outset at UNStudio we have continually reexamined and reevaluated our practice, with the result that at certain key moments we have recognised the need for extensive reorganisation. Now, once again, the challenging climate within the profession today has in turn challenged us to take a close look and to rethink our organisational model with the ultimate aim of improving our architecture and ensuring its relevance within contemporary conditions. However, finding ourselves unable to locate a relevant model from within the profession, we became fascinated by the new initiatives put in place by online start-up companies – such as social networking firms – who have moved from an old economy to a far more innovative economy which celebrates communication, open exchange and co-creation. Believing that architecture can benefit greatly from adopting and adapting such an approach, in recent years we have set about the reorganisation of our studio into an open knowledge-based practice.
KNOWLEDGE PLATFORMS – AN INTERNAL MODEL
Since the founding of the practice, UNStudio has been developing knowledge as a result of combining the design and building of projects with an active participation in architectural theory. Following on a continued interest in geometry, digital production, material effects and attainable design solutions, this communal knowledge led to the introduction of four distinct Knowledge Platforms to the studio. Whilst the primary objective of our project teams is to deliver the ‘result’ of architectural thinking (buildings, plans, designs), the objective of the Knowledge Platforms is to distill knowledge from within the practice of architecture in order to propel design thinking and innovation.
NStudio’s Knowledge Platforms have been developed into self-organised groups, operating as cross-linked platforms within the studio. Instead of being organised as processes which run parallel to the design work, the Knowledge Platforms form an integrated part of the practice. Organising the Platform-project relationship in an interactive, non-linear manner allows us to effectively combine research with practice, cross-fertilise innovative solutions and discover new approaches to architecture.
The dual goals of the Knowledge Platforms are facilitating the exchange of knowledge within the studio and expanding UNStudio’s range of co-creation with our current and future collaborators. Each Platform, within its specific topic—Sustainability, Organisation, Materials, or Parametrics—is mandated to assemble our project knowledge and produce new knowledge through internal initiatives and innovative external collaborations.
Caroline Bos:
Our primary goal with the introduction of the Knowledge Platforms is to improve our buildings though the creation of new dynamic ways of working and to develop expertise through knowledge-based strategies and working models. People who join UNStudio can choose a platform that they would like to participate in – and perhaps after a few years they will join 2 or 3 platforms – with the result that they can eventually become specialists in very specific areas of design. In this way we can create highly concentrated knowledge exchange with individuals within the company and thereby create more dynamics and more innovation in the creative process of working with knowledge in design.
KNOWLEDGE SHARING – FROM NODES TO KNOWLEDGE, FROM NETWORK TO MESHWORK
Equally essential to developing UNStudio’s in-house knowledge however is the mutual value to be gained by the exchange of expertise with external collaborators. Ben van Berkel: “It is essential to continuously gather information and to make this knowledge available when engaging in dialogues with other specialists with whom we collaborate, both within and outside of the profession.”
The recent expansion of the profession of architecture has meant that architectural collaborations have now become increasingly wide and varied, encompassing both the sciences and cultural fields. Similarly today’s climate calls for an architecture that is responsive to environmental, political, social, cultural and economic requirements and as such there is call for an architecture that contains all possible layers of knowledge.
In order to initiate and encourage this exchange of knowledge, in June this year UNStudio will introduce a new interactive online platform that will share information about our current research projects and the knowledge garnered from these, whilst actively inviting contributions from collaborators and interested parties. The goal of the online Knowledge Platform is to create a podium where UNStudio can become more open with its expertise and thereby share knowledge on a wider scale. In so doing it is our aim to encourage a co-creative approach to architecture; one which intensifies knowledge and ultimately results in a more responsive architecture born of innovation through co-creation.
ONLINE KNOWLEDGE PLATFORM – THE FIRST STEP
UNStudio’s interactive online knowledge sharing platform is currently in the final design stages, however in the meantime, we have updated and upgraded our research pages with new information about current research projects generated by our four internal Knowledge Platforms. Also integrated in the updated pages is a ‘contribution’ function, which allows readers to actively participate and share their own references and related expertise, rate the usefulness of information, find related knowledge and share posts on social networks.
In addition a ‘Platform Dialogue’ section has been added in which video content relaying discussions and events carried out by UNStudio’s Knowledge Platforms can be viewed online.





Monday, May 27

Revitalisation of Historic Cities


Revitalisation of Historic Cities
#AKAA #AKDN

Revitalisation of Birzeit Historic Centre
Location: Birzeit, Palestine (West Asia)

Architect: Riwaq - Centre for Architectural Conservation, Ramallah, Palestine

Client: Birzeit Municipality

Completed: 2009 ongoing
Design: 2007-2011

Thursday, April 4

Toyo Ito :: 2013 Laureate


Biography
Toyo Ito was born on June 1, 1941 in Keijo (Seoul), Korea (Japanese). His father was a business man with a special interest in the early ceramic ware of the Yi Dynasty of Korea and Japanese style paintings. He also was a sports fan of baseball and golf. In 1943, Ito, his mother, and his two elder sisters moved back to Japan. Two years later, his father returned to Japan as well, and they all lived in his father’s hometown of Shimosuwa-machi in Nagano Prefecture. His father died in 1953, when he was 12. After that the rest of family operated a miso (bean paste) making factory. At present, all but one sister who is three years older than Ito, have died.
Ito established his own architecture office in 1971, and the following year he married. His wife died in 2010. They had one daughter who is now 40 and is editing Vogue Nippon.
In his youth, Ito admits to not having a great interest in architecture. There were several early influences however. His grandfather was a lumber dealer, and his father liked to draw plans for his friends’ houses. When Ito was a freshman in high school, his mother asked the early Modernist architect, Yoshinobu Ashihara, who had just returned to Japan from the U.S. where he worked at Marcel Breuer’s office, to design their home in Tokyo.
He was in the third grade of junior high school when he moved to Tokyo and went to Hibiya High School. At the time, he never dreamed he would become an architect—his passion was baseball. It was while attending the University of Tokyo that architecture became his main interest. For his undergraduate diploma design, he submitted a proposal for the reconstruction of Ueno Park, which won the top prize of the University of Tokyo.
Toyo Ito began working in the firm of Kiyonori Kikutake & Associates after he graduated from Tokyo University’s Department of Architecture in 1965. By 1971, he was ready to start his own studio in Tokyo, and named it Urban Robot (Urbot). In 1979, he changed the name to Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects.
He has received numerous international awards, including in 2010, the 22nd Praemium Imperiale in Honor of Prince Takamatsu; in 2006, The Royal Institute of British Architects’ Royal Gold Medal; and in 2002, the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement for the 8th Venice Biennale International Exhibition. All of his honors are listed in the fact summary of this media kit. He has been a guest professor at the University of Tokyo, Columbia University, the University of California, Los Angeles, Kyoto University, Tama Art University, and in the spring semester of 2012, he hosted an overseas studio for Harvard’s Graduate School of Design, the first in Asia.
His works have been the subject of museum exhibitions in England, Denmark, the United States, France, Italy, Chile, Taiwan, Belgium, and numerous cities in Japan. Publications by and about him have appeared in all of those countries and more. He holds Honorary Fellowships in the American Institute of Architects, Royal Institute of British Architects, the Architecture Institute of Japan, the Tokyo Society of Architects and Building Engineers, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
One of his first projects in 1971 was a home in a suburb of Tokyo. Called “Aluminum House,” the structure consisted of wooden frame completely covered in aluminum. Most of his early works were residences. In 1976, he produced a home for his sister, who had recently lost her husband. The house was called “White U” and generated a great deal of interest in Ito’s works. It was demolished in 1997. Of most of his work in the 1980’s, Ito explains that he was seeking to erase conventional meaning from his works through minimalist tactics, developing lightness in architecture that resembles air and wind.
He calls the Sendai Mediatheque, completed in 2001 in Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan, one of the high points of his career. In the Phaidon book, Toyo Ito, he explains, “The Mediatheque differs from conventional public buildings in many ways. While the building principally functions as a library and art gallery, the administration has actively worked to relax divisions between diverse programs, removing fixed barriers between various media to progressively evoke an image of how cultural facilities should be from now on. This openness is the direct result of its simple structure, consisting of flat concrete slabs (which are honey-comb steel plates with concrete) penetrated by 13 tubes. Walls on each floor are kept to an absolute minimum, allowing the various functions to be freely distributed throughout the open areas between the tubes.“
In delivering the Kenneth Kassler lecture at Princeton University in 2009, Ito explained his general thoughts on architecture:
“The natural world is extremely complicated and variable, and its systems are fluid – it is built on a fluid world. In contrast to this, architecture has always tried to establish a more stable system. To be very simplistic, one could say that the system of the grid was established in the twentieth century. This system became popular throughout the world, as it allowed a huge amount of architecture to be built in a short period of time.
However, it also made the world’s cities homogenous. One might even say that it made the people living and working there homogenous too. In response to that, over the last ten years, by modifying the grid slightly I have been attempting to find a way of creating relationships that bring buildings closer to their surroundings and environment.” Ito amends that last thought to “their natural environment.”
In the fashionable Omotesando area of Tokyo, Ito designed a building in 2004 for TOD’S, an Italian shoe and handbag company, in which trees provided a source of inspiration. The Ito office provides its own description of the project:
“Trees are natural objects that stand by themselves, and their shape has an inherent structural rationality. The pattern of overlapping tree silhouettes also generates a rational flow of forces. Having adapted the branched tree diagram, the higher up the building, the thinner and more numerous the branches become, with a higher ration of openings. Similarly, the building unfolds as interior spaces with slightly different atmospheres relating to the various intended uses.
Rejecting the obvious distinctions between walls and opening, lines and planes, two- and three dimensions, transparency and opaqueness, this building is characterized by a distinctive type of abstractness. The tree silhouette creates a new image with a constant tension generated between the building’s symbolic concreteness and its abstractness. For this project, we (Ito and his staff) intended to create a building that through its architectural newness expresses both the vivid presence of a fashion brand and strength in the cityscape that will withstand the passage of time.”
After designing critically-acclaimed buildings like Sendai Mediatheque, Ito became an architect of international importance during the early-2000s leading to projects throughout Asia, Europe, North America and South America. Ito designed the Main Stadium for the 2009 World Games in Kaohsiung and the under-construction Taichung Metropolitan Opera House, both in Taiwan. In Europe, Ito and his firm renovated the façade of the Suites Avenue Apartments with striking stainless steel waves and, in 2002, designed the celebrated temporary Serpentine Pavilion Gallery in London’s Hyde Park. Other projects during this time include the White O residence in Marbella, Chile and the never-built University of California, Berkeley Art Museum/Pacific Film Archive in California.
Perhaps most important to Ito, however, are the projects in his home country, made more pressing by the earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011. The disaster spurred Ito and a group of other Japanese architects to develop the concept of “Home-for-All” communal space for survivors. As Ito says in Toyo Ito - Forces of Nature published by Princeton Architectural Press:
“The relief centers offer no privacy and scarcely enough room to stretch out and sleep, while the hastily tacked up temporary housing units are little more than rows of empty shells: grim living conditions either way. Yet even under such conditions, people try to smile and make do…. They gather to share and communicate in extreme circumstances – a moving vision of community at its most basic. Likewise, what we see here are very origins of architecture, the minimal shaping of communal spaces.
An architect is someone who can make such spaces for meager meals show a little more humanity, make them a little more beautiful, a little more comfortable.”
For Ito, the fundamental tenets of modern architecture were called into question by “Home-for-All.” He adds, “In the modern period, architecture has been rated highest for its originality. As a result, the most primal themes—why a building is made and for whom—have been forgotten. A disaster zone, where everything is lost offers the opportunity for us to take a fresh look, from the ground up, at what architecture really is. ‘Home-for-all’ may consist of small buildings, but it calls to the fore the vital question of what form architecture should take in the modern era—even calling into question the most primal themes, the very meaning of architecture.”
The Pritzker Jury commented on Ito’s direct expression of his sense of social responsibility citing his work on “Home-for-All.”
Recently, Ito has also thought of his legacy, as apparent by the museum of architecture that bears his name on the small island of Omishima in the Seto Inland Sea. Also designed by Ito, the museum opened in 2011 and showcases his past projects as well as serving as a workshop for young architects. Two buildings comprise the complex, the main building “Steel Hut” and the nearby “Silver Hut,” which is a recreation of the architect’s former home in Tokyo, built in 1984.

>>
http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2013/biography

http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2013/jury-citation

http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2013/works



 

Wednesday, September 19

LG . Mohammad Al-Asad


Local Governance Mohammad Al-Asad



As is the case in most Arab countries, the political discourse in Jordan has become very lively over the past year and a half. Politicians and decision makers – both present and previous ones – have been energetically presenting their views about the current state of political life in the country, and to where it should be heading. In spite of the wide variety of views they may express, almost all seem to view politics as a centralized activity that takes place on the national level. The empowerment of local government, primarily expressed through municipal government, is generally absent from their thinking.
One notable exception is provided by Walid al-Masri, the former mayor of Irbid. He has strongly advocated empowering municipal authorities in a real and meaningful manner. He emphasizes that the authority of municipalities should extend beyond issuing permits, paving streets, and collecting garbage, to an active involvement in matters such as public health, education, and mass transportation. This means that the ability of municipalities to collect taxes and to develop and implement bylaws should be expanded and strengthened.
As authority is increasingly decentralized and transferred from national bodies to municipal ones, people will be able to have more influence over many of the issues that directly, continuously, and intimately affect their lives. Also, decentralization will relieve national politics of considerable pressures, and will make them less divisive and conflict-ridden. It will allow many issues to be addressed and resolved on the local level rather than pushing them to the already overcrowded and overstressed arena of national politics.
It is at the municipal level that the practice of participatory democracy truly begins and much of its takes place. Here, people can come together – both as individuals and groups – to address and influence a wide range of issues affecting their daily lives. On a most basic level, these include how their buildings may be constructed and used, how traffic moves through their streets, and where cars may park. They also include how their garbage is collected and managed, how their water and electricity services are delivered, and how their sewage is disposed of and treated. They also should comprise how their children are educated, their public health clinics are run, and their public transportation is organized.
Many of the decisions affecting our daily lives should be taken on the local rather than national level. Municipal institutions are able to accumulate more immediate and intimate knowledge of the needs, concerns, and aspirations of a city’s residents in comparison to national centralized institutions. Moreover, municipal government functions at a smaller scale than national government, and this allows people to more readily become involved in them and in a manner that may not be easily realizable in national politics. It is easier at that level to engage in the various components of political activism, whether organizing, making alliances, lobbying, fundraising, or negotiating. Through this, people get to take control of their affairs as city residents, rather than feeling helpless, powerless, marginalized, and alienated in relation to the decision-making processes affecting their lives.
If increasing authority is given to elected municipal structures in Jordan, both municipal institutions and city residents will need to undergo a steep learning curve. This is especially true considering that both have had so little influence over urban affairs for such long periods of time. Errors will be made. Resources will not be always be used in a most efficient manner. Voters initially may not vote for those best qualified to represent them as mayors and city councilors. The all too familiar mayor whose legacy usually ends up consisting of buying a new mayor’s car, redecorating his office, and hiring his relatives, while leaving no positive impact on the city, will not disappear overnight. However, lessons will be learned quickly. Voters will come to appreciate the responsibility they take on when they vote. Municipal officials will quickly realize that they need to deliver tangible improvements to city residents if they are to stay in office beyond the current elections cycle. Also, municipalities will learn from each other, and they will compete with each other. In relatively little time, best practices will begin to emerge and spread.
For all this to happen, however, municipalities need to be given real authority, and the people of the city need to be able to fully decide through the voting process who takes on positions of municipal authority. Here, I am reminded of an opinion that Walid al-Masri has put forward: If the authority given to municipalities is limited to matters such as issuing permits, people will vote for those who will make it easier for them to obtain those permits. This even applies if the permitting process results in decisions that are clearly against the public good, as with allowing people to build larger buildings than they should, or permitting functions to take hold in locations where they shouldn’t be (a wedding hall in the middle of a residential area, which generates horrific levels of noise, traffic, and garbage, is one of many such examples). Voters under such circumstances will elect those with whom they have strong blood ties or social ties. However, if municipalities also have authority over issues such as education, public transportation, and public health, voters will begin to think differently. Rather than automatically electing those with whom they have close personal ties, they will start thinking about electing those who are able to deliver better education to their children, better health facilities to their families, and better public transportation to commuters. With that, the democratic process begins to enter a more mature phase.
Although the subject of decentralization is often mentioned in Jordan, it is not usually given more than lip service. While there is much talk about the political reforms that need to be made in the country, and while divergent and often conflicting opinions are being put forward as to what defines reform, these differing opinions seem to come together in viewing politics as a centralized activity. If meaningful reform is to be achieved, it has to include serious efforts at decentralization. Decentralization, in turn, cannot be achieved without empowering municipalities.
 The Article is co published by Tareeq & 7iber #Jordan 
in #Arabic http://tareeq.me/?p=2122 
To Know More about M. Al-Asad Kindly check http://csbe.org/

بقلم محمد شجاع الأسد*


كما هو الحال في غالبية بلدان العالم العربي، فإن الخطاب السياسي في الأردن تغير كثيراً خلال السنة والنصف الماضية. فالسياسيون ومتخذو القرار – الحاليون والسابقون منهم – يبدون آراءهم بشغف عن الوضع السياسي الحالي في الأردن، وأيضاً عن الإتجاهات المستقبلية لهذا الوضع. ومع اختلاف آرائهم، إلا أنه يبدو أنهم يتفقون في اعتبار السياسة نشاطاً يحدث على المستوى الوطني المركزي وليس على المستوى المحلي. ولذلك، فإن تعزيز وتمكين مؤسسات الحكم المحلي، الممثلة في الغالب بالبلديات، هو أمر عادة غائب عن تفكيرهم.

ومن الاستثناءات المهمة لذلك هي آراء وليد المصري، رئيس بلدية إربد السابق. إنه ينادي بدعم البلديات وتمكينها تمكيناً حقيقياً، ويركز على أن السلطات المتاحة للبلديات يجب أن تتوسع لتتعدى أموراً مثل منح التراخيص وتجميع النفايات وتعبيد الشوارع، لتتضمن ما هو أوسع من ذلك مثل الصحة العامة والتعليم ووسائل النقل العامة، هذا بالإضافة إلى تعزيز قدراتها على فرض الضرائب المحلية ووضع الأنظمة.

وإذا تمت تقوية اللامركزية وتحويل سلطات من المؤسسات الوطنية إلى البلديات، سيكون لسكان المدن دور أكبر في إدارة العديد من الأمور التي تخصهم وتهمهم. كذلك فإن اللامركزية ستحرر النشاط السياسي الوطني من العديد من الضغوطات، وتجعله أقل عرضة للممارسات التي تؤدي إلى التوتر والتفرقة والمواجهة، إذ ستسمح اللامركزية للعديد من الأمور أن تعالج وتُحل على المستوى المحلي بدلاً من إقحامها في حلبة السياسة الوطنية المشحونة والمكتظة بالقضايا المختلفة.

إن الممارسات الديمقراطية التشاركية تبدأ عند مستوى المدن وبلدياتها، وهناك يتجلى العديد من هذه الممارسات بوضوح، إذ يتجمع الناس عند ذلك المستوى – بصفتهم أفراداً ومجموعات – لمعالجة العديد من الأمور التي تؤثر على حياتهم اليومية. وهذا يبدأ بكيفية تشييد أبنيتهم واستعمالها، وإدارة حركة السير واصطفاف السيارات في شوارعهم. ويتضمن أيضاً إدارة نفاياتهم، وتأمين الماء والكهرباء لهم، وتصريف مياههم العادمة ومعالجتها. ويجب أن يتسع ليتضمن كيفية تعليم أولادهم وإدارة العيادات الصحية العامة وتنظيم وسائل النقل العام.

وهناك العديد من القرارات التي تؤثر على حياتنا اليومية التي يجب أن تُتخذ على المستوى المحلي بدلاً من المستوى الوطني. إن البلديات أقدر على التعرف بشكل دقيق على احتياجات سكان المدينة وعلى الأمور التي تقلقهم وعلى آمالهم بالمقارنة مع المؤسسات التي تعمل على المستوى الوطني. كذلك، إن البلديات أصغر حجماً من المؤسسات الحكومية المركزية، وهذا يسمح لسكان المدن أن يتفاعلوا معها على نحو يصعب تحقيقه بنفس الفعالية مع المؤسسات الوطنية المركزية. ويكون أسهل عليهم المشاركة في النشاط السياسي سواء من ناحية التنظيم أو تكوين التحالفات أو التفاعل المباشر مع متخذي القرار. ومن خلال كل ذلك، يشعر سكان المدينة أنه لهم دور مهم في إدارة شؤونهم، بدلاّ من الإحساس بالضغف والعجز نحو ممارسات اتخاذ القرار التي تؤثر على حياتهم.

وإذا تعززت سلطات البلديات المنتخبة في الأردن، فإنه سيكون على سكان المدن والمؤسسات البلدية التي تمثلهم على حد سواء الكثير ليتعلموه، خاصة أنه لم يكن لأي منهم أي تأثير فعال على أوضاع الحياة في المدن لفترات طويلة من الزمن. وستُرتكب العديد من الأخطاء. فمثلاً، لن تُستخدم الموارد المتاحة للمدن بالضرورة على أفضل وجه، ولن ينتخب المواطنون بالضرورة من هم الأفضل لتمثيلهم من رؤساء بلديات وأعضاء مجالسها، ولن يختفي فوراً رئيس البلدية النمطي الذي سيتذكره الجميع بأنه اشترى سيارة جديدة لرئاسة البلدية وأعاد تأثيث مكتب رئيس البلدية ووظف أقاربه، ولكن لم يترك أي أثر أيجابي على المدينة. ولكن الجميع سيتعلمون الدروس المهمة بسرعة. وسيعي المواطنون بالمسؤولية التي ترافق عملية التصويت، وسيتعلم مسؤولو البلديات أنه عليهم أن يقدموا تحسينات ملموسة لسكان المدينة إن أرادوا أن يعاد انتخابهم. وستتعلم البلديات من بعضها البعض، وأيضاً ستتنافس مع بعضها البعض. وبعد مرور القليل من الزمن، ستظهر وتنتشر الممارسات الإيجابية المختلفة بين البلديات.

وحتى يحدث كل هذا، يجب أن تعطى البلديات سلطات حقيقية ويجب أن يشعر سكان المدينة أنهم يقررون من خلال عملية التصويت من هم المسؤولون عن إدارة بلديتهم. وفي هذا السياق، أعود إلى آراء وليد المصري بخصوص الحكم المحلي. يقول المصري أنه إذا اقتصرت مسؤوليات البلديات على أمور مثل إصدار التراخيص، فإن السكان سيصوتوا لمن يسهّل عليهم الحصول على هذه التراخيص، حتى ولو كانت ضد المصلحة العامة، كما في السماح للسكان بتشييد أبنية أكبر مما يجب أو السماح لأبنية معينة أن تتواجد في غير الأماكن المخصصة لها (من الأمثلة الكثيرة على ذلك السماح بتواجد صالات أفراح في وسط حي سكني، إذ أنها تولد مستويات غير مقبولة من التلوث الصوتي والإزدحام المروري والنفايات). وفي مثل هذه الظروف سيصوت المنتخبون لهؤلاء الذين تربطهم بهم علاقات قرابة أو علاقات تقارب اجتماعية أخرى. ولكن إذا كانت البلديات مسؤولة أيضاً عن أمور مثل التعليم والصحة العامة والنقل العام، فيسبدأ سكان المدينة بالنظر إلى عملية الانتخاب بشكل آخر. وبدلاً من انتخاب هؤلاء الذين تربطهم بهم علاقات قرابة، سيبدأوا بالتفكير بانتخاب من يستطيع أن يؤمن التعليم الأحسن لأبنائهم والخدمات الصحية الأفضل لعائلاتهم وخدمات النقل العام الأكثر كفاءة لهم. ومن خلال هذه التطورات تدخل العملية الديمقراطية مرحلة جديدة وأكثر نضوجاً.

ومع أن موضوع اللامركزية يذكر في العديد من الأحيان في الأردن، إلا أنه لم تتخذ أي جهود جدية تهدف إلى تحقيقه. ومع أننا نسمع الكثير عن الحاجة إلى الإصلاح السياسي في الأردن، ومع أننا نسمع آراء متباينة وحتى متضاربة بخصوص تعريف هذا الإصلاح، إلا أنه يبدو أن هذه الآراء المتباينة تتوافق إجمالاً في اعتبار السياسة نشاطاً يحدث على المستوى المركزي، هذا مع أن الإصلاح دون اللامركزية سيكون ناقصاً، وتحقيق اللامركزية يعتمد أساساً على إعطاء البلديات صلاحيات حقيقية.
*الدكتور محمد الأسد مهندس معماري ومؤرخ، وهو مؤسس مركز دراسات البيئة المبنية.